Karyological Investigation of Bufo variabilis (Anura: Bufonidae) Populations from Northwest and Southeast of Iran

Fatemeh Fakharzadeh, Jamshid Darvish, Haji Gholi Kami, Fereshteh Ghassemzadeh, Eskandar Rastegar-Pouyani

Abstract


The cytogenetic data of Bufo variabilis populations in northwest and southeast of Iran are rare, so, it is highly important to describe the karyotypic details of unexamined populations of variable toads from these regions. In this study, karyotype characteristics of seventeen specimens of B. variabilis were examined. Karyotypes consist of 2n = 22 chromosomes and could be arranged into two categories; the first group has 6 pairs of large chromosomes and the second one has 5 pairs of small chromosomes. These chromosomes are metacentric or submetacentric. Karyotypes of B. variabilis from northwest of Iran showed that 4th and 7th pairs of chromosomes are submetacentric while in variable toads from southeastern 4th and 9th pairs of chromosomes are submetacentric. Neither sexual heteromorphism, nor secondary constriction was observed in any pairs of chromosomes.

Keywords


Bufo variabilis; Bufo viridis subgroup; Karyotype; Diploid; Iran

Full Text:

PDF

References


Al-Shehri A. H., and Al-Saleh A. A. (2008), «Karyotype of Amphibian in Saudi Arabia. 3. The karyotype of Bufo regularis», Asian J. Cell. Biol., 3, 67 – 71.

Al-Shehri A. H., and Al-Saleh A. A. (2010), «First report of the karyotype of Bufo dhufarensis from Saudi Arabia», J. King Saud Univ. Sci., 22, 73 – 76.

Azevedo M. F. C., Forest F., Ramos P. R., and Jim J. (2003), «Comparative cytogenetic studies of Bufo ictericus, B. paracnemis (Amphibia, Anura) and an intermediate form in sympatry», Gent Mol. Biol., 26, 289 – 294.

Baloutch M. and Kami H. G. (1995), Amphibians of Iran, Tehran University Press, Tehran [in Persian].

Bogart J. P. (1972), «Karyotypes», in: W. F. Blair (ed.), Evolution in the Genus Bufo, Univ. of Texas Press, Austin – London, pp. 171 – 195.

Borkin L. J., Caune I. A., Pisanetz E. M., and Rozanov Y. M. (1986), «Karyotype and genome size in the Bufo viridis group», in: Z. Roček (ed.), Studies in Herpetology, Charles University, Prague, pp. 137 – 141.

Borkin L. J., Shabanov D. A., Brandler O. V., Kukushkin O. V., Litvinchuk S. N., Mazepa G. A., and Rosanov J. M. (2007), «A case of natural triploidy in European diploid green toad (Bufo viridis), with some distributional records of diploid and tetraploid toads», Russ. J. Herpetol., 14(2), 121 – 132.

Cavallo D., De Vita R., Eleuteri P., Borkin L., Eremchenko V., Odierna G., and Balletto E. (2002), «Karyological and flow cytometric evidence of triploid specimens in Bufo viridis (Amphibia, Anura)», Eur. J. Histochem., 16, 159 – 164.

Darvishzadeh A. (1990), Geology of Iran, Amirabad Press, Tehran [in Persian].

Doyle B. W. and Beckert W. H. (1970), «Chromosome characteristics of Bufonidae among species and within populations», Caryologia, 23, 145 – 154.

Fakharzadeh F., Darvish J., Ghassemzadeh F., and Kami H. G. (2009), «Anuran karyological study of Khorasan province», Asian J. Biol. Sci., 2(3), 66 – 73.

Fakharzadeh F., Darvish J., Kami H. G., Ghasemzadeh F., and Rastegar-Pouyani E. (2014), «New karyological and morphometric data on poorly known B. surdus and B. luristanicus in comparison with data of diploid green toads of the Bufo viridis complex from South of Iran», Asiatic Herpetol. Res., 5(3), 168 – 178.

Fakharzadeh F., Darvish J., Kami H. G., Ghassemzadeh F., Rastegar-Pouyani E., and Stöck M. (2015), «Discovery of triploidy in Palearctic green toads (Anura: Bufonidae) from Iran with indications for a reproductive system involving diploids and triploids», Zool. Anz., 255, 25 – 31.

Kami H. G. and Yadollahvand R. (2014), «First karyological study of the Talysh toad (Bufo eichwaldi) in Mazandaran province, Iran (Anura: Bufonidae)», Bull. Env. Pharmacol. Life Sci., 3(9), 75 – 78.

Kasahara S., Siva A. P., and Haddad C. F. (1996), «Chromosome banding in three species of Brazilian toads (Amphibia–Bufonidae)», Rev. Bras. Genet., 19, 237 – 242.

Levan A., Fredga K., and Sandberg A. (1964), «Nomenclature for centromeric position on chromosomes», Hereditas, 52, 201 – 220.

Mazik E. J., Kadyrova B. K., and Toktosunov A. T. (1976), «Karyotype patterns in the green toad Bufo viridis in Kirghizia», Zool. Zh., 55(11), 1740 – 1742 [in Russian].

Miura I. (1995), «The late replication banding patterns of chromosome are highly conserved in genera Rana, Hyla and Bufo (Amphibia, Anura)», Chromosoma, 103, 567 – 574.

Özdemir N. and Kutrup B. (2007), «Intraspecific variation of Turkish green toads, Bufo (Pseudepidalea) viridis Laurenti, 1768, based on 16S ribosomal RNA sequences», Herpetozoa, 20, 3 – 10.

Özdemir N., Gül N. A., Poyarkov J. R., Kutrup B., Tosunoğlu M., and Doglio S. (2014), «Molecular systematics and phylogeography of Bufotes variabilis (syn. Pseudepidalea variabilis) (Pallas, 1769) in Turkey», Turk. J. Zool., 38, 412 – 420.

Roth P. and Ráb P. (1986), «Karyotype analysis of the Bufo viridis group: systematic implications», in: Z. Roček (ed.), Studies in Herpetology, Prague, pp. 131 – 135.

Schmid M. (1978), «Chromosome banding in amphibian», Chromosoma, 66(4), 361 – 388.

Shanthi P. A., Singh P., Barh D., and Venkatachalaiah G. (2010), «Comparative karyology based systematics of Euphlyctis hexadactylus and Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis», Int. J. Integr. Biol., 9(1), 6 – 9.

Siripivasing P., Chulalaksananukul W., Pariyanonth P., Kaewsri S., Sittigul S., Seatung N., and Tanomtong A. (2008), «The identification of the sex chromosome and karyotype of four toad species (genus Bufo) in Thailand by T-lymphocyte cell culture», Cytologia, 73(3), 229 – 241.

Stöck M., Günther R., and Böhme W. (2001a), «Progress towards a taxonomic revision of the Asian Bufo viridis group: current status of nominal taxa and unsolved problems (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae)», Zool. Abh. Staatl. Mus. Tierkunde. Dresden, 51, 253 – 319.

Stöck M., Frynta D., Grosse W.-R., Steinlein C., and Schmid M. (2001b), «A review of the distribution of diploid, triploid and tetraploid green toads (Bufo viridis complex) in Asia including new data from Iran and Pakistan», Asiatic Herpetol. Res., 9, 77 – 100.

Stöck M., Steinlein C., Lamatsch K., Schartl M., and Schmid M. (2005), «Multiple origins of tetraploid taxa in the Eurasian Bufo viridis subgroup», Genetica, 124, 255 – 272.

Stöck M., Moritz C., Hickerson M., Frynta D., Dujsebayeva T., Eremchenko V., Macey J. R., Papenfuss T. J., and Wake D. B. (2006), «Evolution of mitochondrial relationships and biogeography of Palearctic green toads (Bufo viridis subgroup) with insights in their genomic plasticity», Mol. Phyl. Evol., 41, 663 – 689.

Stöck M., Croll D., Dumas Z., Biollay S., Wang J., and Perrin N. (2011), «A cryptic heterogametic transition revealed by sex-linked DNA markers in Palearctic green toads», J. Evol. Biol., 24, 1064 – 1070.

Stöck M., Savary R., Betto-Colliard C., Biollay S., Jourdan-Pineau H., and Perrin N. (2013), «Low rates of X-Y recombination not turnovers account for homomorphic sex chromosomes in several diploid species of Palearctic green toads (Bufo viridis subgroup)», J. Evol. Biol., 26, 674 – 682.

Ullerich F. H. (1966), «Karyotyp und DNS-Gehalt von Bufo bufo, B. viridis, B. bufo Ч B. viridis and B. calamita (Amphibia, Anura)», Chromosoma, 18, 316 – 341.

Volpe E. P. and Gerhardt B. M. (1968), «Somatic chromosomes of the marine toad Bufo marinus (Linne)», Copeia, 1968(3), 570 – 576.

Yadav A. S. and Neeru (2012), «Karyological analysis of Indian toad, Bufo stomaticus Lutken, 1862 from Haryana (India)», Int. J. Res. Biol. Sci., 1(1), 24 – 28.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.30906/1026-2296-2018-25-1-56-60

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


You can subscribe to the print or electronic version of the journal on the site of EastView Company. If you have any questions, please write to the email sales@ivis.ru